❍ The primary functions of stem are to produce and support lateral appendages such as branches, leaves, flowers and fruits, conduction of water and minerals to different parts of shoots and transport food to all plant parts.
❍ Storage of food and water
❍ Proliferation and propagation
❍ Procuring support for climbing
❍ Perennation i.e. to tide over unfavorable conditions
❍ Synthesis of food (photosynthesis).
❍ Defense
❍ Mechanical supports
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